Physical Activity, Insulin Signaling Pathways, and Genetic Risk Modulation in Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review

Abstract

This article presents a narrative review that integrates recent scientific evidence on the influence of sports on the prevention of type 2 diabetes. It explains that this chronic disease continues to increase worldwide and is mainly associated with modifiable risk factors such as physical inactivity and obesity. The analysis identifies that structured sports practice, both aerobic and resistance, improves insulin sensitivity, regulates blood glucose, and significantly reduces the risk of developing diabetes. It also highlights that community programs, culturally adapted interventions, and mHealth technologies strengthen adherence and enhance the preventive effects of exercise. The review also highlights research gaps in Latin America, where contextualized studies are needed. It concludes that sport is an accessible, sustainable, and essential tool for public health policies aimed at reducing the global burden of type 2 diabetes.