CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR TECHNOLOGIES IN THE TREATMENT OF RELAPSED ACUTE LEUKEMIA IN CHILDREN

Abstract

The review analyzes current concepts of relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children, with an emphasis on the clinical and biological features of the disease and the role of minimal residual disease in predicting relapse. The possibilities and limitations of standard chemotherapy, molecularly targeted approaches, and immunotherapy are considered, including bispecific antibodies and CAR-T-cell technologies. It is shown that despite the high rate of initial responses, treatment resistance, toxicity, and antigen escape remain the main causes of treatment failure. The review concludes that personalized strategies combining molecular diagnostics and innovative therapeutic methods are needed to improve long-term outcomes in children with relapsed ALL.