A PUBLIC HEALTH EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF VACCINATION PROGRAMS IN LOW – INCOME COUNTRIES

Abstract

When determining goals, deciding on regulations, and creating implementation policies for public health initiatives, there is a greater emphasis on taking the full public health value (FPHV) of vaccination into account.  In order to evaluate safety and efficacy against etiologically established clinical outcomes, a therapeutic paradigm has historically been used to evaluate preventive vaccines. This paradigm centers on an individual benefit-risk assessment in prospective and individually-randomized phase III trials.  A public health paradigm, in contrast, takes into account the effects on the population and includes metrics of community benefits in comparison to a variety of outcomes. A number of non-etiologically and etiologically defined clinical outcomes, such as health inequity, social and political disruption, disruption of household integrity, school absenteeism and work loss, health care utilization, long-term/ongoing disability, and the development of antibiotic resistance, may be included in the measurement of the FPHV of vaccination.  From a public health standpoint, this study assesses how well immunization programs work in low-income nations. Despite significant global efforts to improve immunization coverage, many low-income nations continue to face challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, vaccine hesitancy, and financial constraints. The findings underscore the need for sustainable funding, community engagement, and strengthened healthcare systems to improve vaccine accessibility and coverage. This evaluation contributes to the broader discussion on achieving equitable healthcare and preventing vaccine-preventable diseases in resource-limited settings.