PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES, AND THERAPEUTIC PROSPECTS OF SHIMSHAPA (DALBERGIA SISSOO ROXB.): A REVIEW

Abstract

Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. (commonly known as sheesham and Indian rosewood) is a fast-growing deciduous tree native to the Indian subcontinent, widely valued for both its high-quality timber and extensive therapeutic applications in traditional system of medicine such as Ayurveda and Unani. Phytochemical investigations demonstrate that the plant is rich in diverse bioactive secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, isflavonoids, neoflavonoids, phenolics, tannins, saponins present across its bark, leaves, heartwood, seeds and roots. Preclinical and experimental studies substantiate a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities attributed to these bioactive constituents, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, osteogenic, gastroprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and potential anti-obesity and cytotoxic (anticancer) properties. Despite substantial experimental evidence supporting its traditional uses for ailments such as diarrhea, skin disorders, inflammation, fever, and bone degradation, further rigorous clinical trials are necessary to fully evaluate its safety, efficacy, and therapeutic potential for human drug development. This review summarizes the botanical characteristics, Ayurvedic pharmacodynamics, phytochemical profile, traditional uses, and pharmacological prospects of Dalbergia sissoo.