UTILIZATION OF METALLIC NANOPARTICLES BASED MATERIALS IN CANCER THERAPY: ADVANCING TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY AND REDUCING TOXICITY

Abstract

Cancer continues as a key factor in the health decline globally which can lead to one death among six deaths, making about 19.3 million recent cases as well as approximately 10 million annual deaths. Therefore, gallbladder cancer is quite unusual but it is one of the most dangerous gastrointestinal tumors that can be detected at advanced stages, having only a few therapeutic choices. The traditional techniques including radiotherapy, surgery as well as chemotherapy, can have many limitations such as considerable systemic toxicity and quite a low specificity. Recently, nanotechnology has provided innovation in the treatment of cancer through providing novel techniques to increase the treatment effectiveness while decreasing its side effects. This review emphasizes different applications of several nanoparticles in gallbladder cancer (GBC) treatment which include dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, as well as gold nanoparticles. Such carriers allow particular functions such as controlled drug release, targeted drug delivery as well as enhanced bioavailability which eventually increase the effectiveness of the treatment while minimizing its hazardous effects to tissues. Furthermore, nanoparticle-based diagnostics along with prognostic biomarkers allow double abilities for the treatment as well as estimation of disease which eventually leads to the accurate imaging of cancer cells along with real-time monitoring of the therapy. This review also explains the integration of merged techniques such as photothermal therapy, chemotherapy as well as gene therapy along with nanoparticles to overcome the resistance of the drug while enhancing the effectiveness in the management of GBC. The nanoparticles allow the efficient, safer and specialized techniques for the GBC simply through overcoming the challenges faced by the traditional methods. Hence, further research along with clinical trials or translations may offer great assistance in the treatment of GBC.