COCONUT ROOT WILT DISEASE: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES, MOLECULAR ADVANCES AND INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT

Abstract

Root wilt disease (RWD) is one of the most destructive phytoplasma-associated diseases affecting coconut production in South India, causing substantial yield reduction and long-term economic losses. Although the disease has been recognized for more than a century, significant advances in molecular biology have transformed the understanding of its etiology, epidemiology and diagnosis. This review critically summarizes the progression from early investigations involving fungal, bacterial and nematode hypotheses to the definitive identification of the causal phytoplasma and its molecular classification. Recent developments in nucleic acid-based diagnostics, immunological assays, transcriptomics, proteomics and biomarker discovery have substantially improved disease detection and expanded knowledge of host–pathogen interactions. The review also evaluates current integrated disease management strategies, including cultural, nutritional, chemical, biological and host tolerance approaches, while highlighting their practical limitations under field conditions. Particular emphasis is placed on emerging omics technologies and biomarker-assisted diagnostics that provide opportunities for early disease detection and precision management. By integrating classical pathology with recent molecular and systems biology approaches, this review identifies major research gaps and proposes future directions for developing reliable diagnostics, understanding phytoplasma biology and improving sustainable disease management. The information presented provides a comprehensive scientific framework for advancing research and enhancing coconut health in phytoplasma-endemic regions.