EMERGING ROLE OF BIOCHAR IN MICROPLASTIC REMEDIATION: MECHANISMS, APPLICATIONS, AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

Abstract

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging contaminants widely distributed in soil and aquatic environments, posing risks to ecosystem stability, soil functionality, and aquatic biota due to their persistence and pollutant-carrying capacity. Conventional remediation methods remain limited in efficiency and sustainability, particularly for smaller particles. Biochar, a carbon-rich material derived from biomass pyrolysis, has recently gained attention as a promising, eco-friendly solution for Microplastic (MP) remediation. This review synthesises current knowledge on the sources, distribution, and environmental impacts of MPs in terrestrial and aquatic systems. It further evaluates the physicochemical properties of biochar that enable effective interactions with MPs, including high surface area, porosity, and functional groups. Key remediation mechanisms such as adsorption, pore entrapment, electrostatic attraction, hydrophobic interactions, and π–π interactions are discussed. The application of biochar in soil and water systems demonstrates significant potential in reducing MP mobility, toxicity, and associated contaminants while improving soil health and microbial activity. Advances in engineered and magnetic biochar for enhanced removal efficiency and recovery are also highlighted. However, challenges related to scalability, regeneration, and long-term environmental impacts persist. Future research should focus on field-scale validation and the development of tailored biochar systems for sustainable MP management.