FROM NANO TO BLOOM: NANOTECHNOLOGY TRANSFORMING ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE

Abstract

Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach for improving ornamental plant production by overcoming limitations associated with conventional practices. This review synthesizes recent advances in the application of engineered nanoparticles for enhancing the growth, quality, stress tolerance and post-harvest performance of ornamental plants. A structured literature search of Scopus, Semantic Scholar and Google Scholar identified 95 relevant peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025. Evidence indicates that nanoparticles can improve seed germination, plant growth, photosynthetic efficiency, nutrient acquisition and the quality and longevity of cut flowers. Their effects are associated with nanoparticle uptake and translocation, which influence physiological and biochemical processes, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) signalling, antioxidant defence and gene expression. Nanoparticles also enhance tolerance to drought, salinity, heavy-metal toxicity and temperature stress and may support disease management through antimicrobial activity and activation of plant defence mechanisms. Nano-fertilizers and nano-pesticides can improve input-use efficiency by enabling targeted delivery at lower application rates, while nanosensors facilitate real-time monitoring of plant health and environmental conditions. However, their effects are concentration-dependent, and excessive application may pose risks to plants, ecosystems and human health. Future research should therefore emphasize green synthesis, optimized application strategies, biosafety assessment and responsible deployment to promote sustainable ornamental plant production.