PEPTIDE-LOADED NANOMATERIALS FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: MULTIFACETED THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES WITH ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a gradually worsening neurodegenerative condition which is marked by the buildup of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles caused by abnormal tau proteins, and sustained inflammation in the brain. Although advances in research, current treatments fail to efficiently slow or reverse disease progression which highlighting the critical necessity for innovative therapeutic approaches. Peptide loaded nanomaterials represent a promising solution, combining the precision of peptides in targeting pathological markers with nanotechnology’s delivery advantages. These systems particularly bind to Aβ and tau aggregates, while nanoscale platforms like liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and dendrimers improve blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration and controlled drug release. Furthermore, they can co-deliver various therapeutics to address AD complicated pathology. While many preclinical studies demonstrate the potential of peptide-loaded nanomaterials to reduce Aβ/tau accumulation and improve cognition in animal models (e.g., KLVFF-gold NPs in APP/PS1 mice), outcomes vary due to factors such as off-target effects, inconsistent blood-brain barrier penetration, or material-specific toxicity (e.g., cationic dendrimers). Nevertheless, challenges like biocompatibility, scalable manufacturing, and clinical translation necessitate resolution. This review highlights recent advances in peptide-based nanocarriers for AD, expounds their therapeutic mechanisms, and identifies future significances to optimize efficiency. By merging peptide specificity with nanoscale versatility, these systems offer a transformative approach to treating AD and related neurodegenerative diseases.