METHYL EUGENOL: AN INDISPENSABLE TOOL FOR MODERN BACTROCERA FRUIT FLY MANAGEMENT

Abstract

Methyl eugenol (ME) is one of the highly attractive male-specific semiochemicals commonly employed in managing economically important Bactrocera fruit flies. The high attractancy of ME has made it an essential ingredient in surveillance, monitoring, Male Annihilation Technique (MAT), Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), and area-wide integrated pest management programs. This article presents a review of the chemistry, mechanism of action, species specificity, formulations, and application of ME in fruit fly management. Advances in the design and fabrication of controlled release dispensers, polymer matrix, and nanotechnology-enabled formulations to enhance ME lure life and field performance are also compiled and presented. Furthermore, this review highlights some of the biological, ecological and operational parameters that affect ME efficacy, such as species-specific response, lure breakdown and behavioural change. The current limitations with ME technology and novel ways for enhancing its efficacy are also addressed. Future research needs will focus on the development of durable formulations, delivery systems, female attractants, and integration of precision pest management technology.