GENETIC DETERMINANTS OF DRUG RESPONSE VARIABILITY: A PHARMACOGENOMIC INVESTIGATION

Abstract

Individual to individual variance in drugs response is a major issue in clinical therapeutics which may culminate to adverse drug reaction or decreased efficacy. Pharmacogenomics offers a system through which the genetic variations are known to affect drug metabolism, transportation, and interaction with target, hence personalized medicine. The review analyzes the essential hereditary factors of drug response variation, which include in the list of polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing enzymes (e.g., CYP450 family), transporters (ABC and SLC families), and drug targets VKORC1 and EGFR. The up to date findings of pharmacogenomic researches in the cardiovascular, oncological, neurological, and infectious disease are essential to reveal clinically significant drug-gene relationships. Genomic technologies, such as genome-wide association and multi-omics technologies, have led to major improvements in the detection of predictive biomarkers. Also, the accuracy of the prediction of drug responses is being improved with the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning methods. In spite of these developments, there still are challenges like population bias and limited clinical translation, among others and there are also ethical issues. There is also the assessment of existing clinical guidelines as well as decision-support systems. Visionary perspectives, such as polygenic risk models and precision medicine systems, are presented, which highlights how pharmacogenomics can improve the quality of therapeutic outcomes and promote more personalized treatment plans.