UNDERSTANDING NEOPLASIA PATHOLOGY THROUGH AGNI, AMA, DOSHA, SROTAS, DHATU DUSHTI : A CRITICAL REVIEW

Abstract

The term neoplasia literally means “new growth.” Neoplasia means, abnormal new growth, which may be benign (localized growth) or malignant (progressive destructive growth). Neoplasia is essentially the result of disrupted cellular metabolic functions. Cancer features uncontrolled cell proliferation, destruction of adjacent tissues, and gradual systemic deterioration. Neoplasia develops as a result of genetic alterations triggered by several causative factors, including exposure to chemical carcinogens, radiation, viral agents, and hormonal imbalances. It is interrupting chronic and progressive disease. Dushti of Agni, Ama, Dosha, Dhatu, Srotas, and produces long-term pathological changes. Neoplasia represents a major pathological alteration characterized by abnormal tissue growth. Its development, driven by dormant harmful factors that become active under conducive conditions, closely resembles modern theories of carcinogenesis. These include chronic inflammation, immune imbalance, oxidative stress, genetic injury, and exposure to environmental toxins. Other risk factors including pollutants, chemicals, pesticides, tobacco, alcohol, radiation. In Ayurved it is produced from Vata, Pitta, Kapha, Mamsa and Meda. Its symptoms are similar to those of Granthi and Arbuda can be correlated with benign and malignant tumors respectively. The disease was initially referred to as “Apachit,” which described swellings occurring in different parts of the body. Later, Acharya Charaka and Acharya Sushruta elaborated on these conditions by classifying swellings into inflammatory (Shopha) and non inflammatory (Sotha) types. They further described various forms such as Shopha (inflammatory swelling), Apachi (cystic swelling), Gandamala (glandular swelling), Granthi (minor neoplasm), and Arbuda (major neoplasm). Additionally, conditions like Dushtavrana (non-healing ulcers) and Gulma (abdominal tumor) are also mentioned in the classical texts. Ayurveda describes the development of disease as a result of Doṣha imbalance, weakened Agni, accumulation of Ama, vitiation of Dhatus, and blockage of Srotas. Disorders like Arbuda show similarities with tumor pathology. Interpreting neoplasia through these Ayurvedic principles can help in understanding its systemic and multifactorial nature more comprehensively. Benign tumors remain confined to their site of origin, grow slowly, and lack the capacity to invade nearby tissues or spread to distant sites. On the other hand, malignant tumors are characterized by aggressive growth, local tissue invasion, and the potential to disseminate to other organs through metastasis. Neoplasia holds great clinical importance since malignant tumors contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. Therefore, early detection and timely management are essential for improving patient prognosis.