WATERLOGGING RESILIENCE IN VEGETABLE CROPS: PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

Abstract

Waterlogging is a problem that affects vegetable crops all over the world. It reduces growth, productivity and quality. When soil has much water it doesn't have enough oxygen, which hurts the roots. This makes it hard for plants to breathe take in nutrients and work properly.As a result waterlogging causes problems like photosynthesis bad chemicals building up and more stress from reactive oxygen species. Vegetable crops are especially vulnerable because their roots are close to the surface and they need a lot of oxygen.Plants try to deal with waterlogging by developing air-filled tissues growing new roots and changing how they make energy. Different plants and varieties respond differently which affects how well they can tolerate waterlogging. This review looks at how vegetable crops respond to waterlogging focusing on how they adapt and ways to mitigate the problem. Even though we've made progress we still don't fully understand how different varieties tolerate waterlogging how they perform in the term and how to manage them in changing climates.Future research should focus on creating vegetable crops that can tolerate waterlogging combining approaches to understand and breed better crops and optimizing management practices for specific areas. Understanding how plants respond to stress and how their roots work will be crucial for making vegetable production more sustainable in areas, to flooding and poor drainage.