THE ROLE OF PRENATAL NUTRITION IN PREVENTING GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS IN NEWBORNS: A BIOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT

Abstract

Background: Prenatal nutrition plays an important role in fetal growth and early gastrointestinal (GI) development. However, limited evidence is available on the variations in maternal nutrient intake during pregnancy translate into specific gastrointestinal outcomes in newborns. Objective: To examine the association between prenatal nutritional intake and gastrointestinal disorders in newborns, and to identify biochemical markers that may mediate this relationship. Methods: This observational analytical study included 240 mother–infant pairs from a tertiary maternity hospital. Maternal nutrition was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and 24-hour recall. Maternal blood and cord blood samples were analysed for nutrient levels, inflammation markers, and gut integrity indicators. Neonatal GI disorders were diagnosed from clinical records. Logistic regression and mediation analysis were used to evaluate associations. Results: Most mothers were aged 25–30 years and were from middle- or low-income households. While many had a normal BMI, anaemia was common. Newborns showed generally healthy birth outcomes, including normal gestational age, birth weight, and Apgar scores. However, a considerable proportion of mothers had inadequate intake of protein, iron, and vitamin D. Infants born to mothers with these deficiencies were more likely to develop GI disorders. Cord blood findings showed elevated markers of intestinal stress and inflammation among affected neonates, suggesting that poor maternal nutrition may influence GI vulnerability before birth. Conclusion: Poor prenatal nutrition, particularly low iron, protein, and vitamin D, increases the risk of gastrointestinal disorders in newborns. Early screening and improved maternal nutrition may help prevent GI problems in infants.