RECENT ADVANCES IN ORTHOPEDIC MANAGEMENT OF JOINT AND SPINE DISORDERS: CURRENT EVIDENCE AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

Abstract

Joint and spine disorders are among the leading causes of chronic pain, disability, and reduced quality of life worldwide, creating substantial clinical and socioeconomic challenges. Continuous advances in orthopedic science have transformed the management of these conditions through the integration of precision medicine, digital technologies, minimally invasive procedures, and regenerative therapies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the orthopedic management of joint and spine disorders, emphasizing current evidence and future perspectives. It discusses the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, emerging diagnostic approaches based on advanced imaging, artificial intelligence, wearable technologies, and precision biomarkers, as well as contemporary non-surgical and surgical treatment strategies. Recent progress in robotic-assisted surgery, computer-assisted navigation, three-dimensional printing, stem cell therapy, platelet-rich plasma, gene therapy, biomaterials, and tissue engineering is also critically examined. In addition, the review highlights the growing contribution of artificial intelligence and precision medicine in supporting personalized clinical decision-making and improving patient outcomes. Although these innovations have demonstrated considerable promise, important challenges remain, including limited long-term clinical evidence, lack of standardized treatment protocols, high implementation costs, and regulatory considerations. Future research should prioritize multidisciplinary collaboration, large-scale clinical trials, and the integration of emerging technologies to establish evidence-based, patient-centered orthopedic care. Collectively, these advances are expected to enhance diagnostic accuracy, optimize therapeutic outcomes, and reduce the global burden of joint and spine disorders.