CLINICAL AND COMPARATIVE STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LINGUAL RETAINERS ON PERIODONTAL HEALTH AND STABILITY USING ONE STEP AND TWO-STEP BONDING TECHNIQUES

Abstract

Background: The retention phase in orthodontics involves the mechanical stabilisation of teeth to facilitate the reorganisation of alveolar bone, musculature, and periodontal tissues. Protocols are determined by the initial malocclusion, ranging from self-stabilising cases, such as corrected crossbites, to high-risk scenarios like diastema closures and severe rotations that often require permanent stabilisation. Objectives: This study assesses the long-term effects of fibre-reinforced composite (FRC) and multistranded stainless steel (SS) retainers on periodontal health, as well as the impact of one-step versus two-step bonding techniques on failure rates. Methods: Sixty participants were selected and divided into four groups (n=15 each) based on the retainer material and adhesive used. Periodontal parameters, including the Gingival Index (GI) and Plaque Index (PI), were assessed at different time points: baseline (T0), 1 month (T1), and 3 months (T2). Statistical analysis included the Friedman test, Wilcoxon signed-rank post-hoc tests, Kruskal-Wallis test, the Mann-Whitney U-test and Chi-square test. Results: A significant Reduction in GI and PI scores was observed across all groups post-debonding (p < 0.01). Intergroup analysis revealed no statistically significant difference in bond failure rates between materials or adhesive protocols (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Both materials and bonding protocols demonstrate clinical efficacy. One-step Universal adhesives can also serve as alternatives for orthodontic retention.