DECODING THE BOTANICAL AND THERAPEUTIC IDENTITY OF CHANDAN (SANTALUM ALBUM L.) AND RAKTA CHANDAN (PTEROCARPUS SANTALINUS L.F.): A COMPARATIVE PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL PERSPECTIVE

Abstract

Chandan (Santalum album L.)  and Rakta Chandan (Pterocarpus santalinus L.f.) are two botanically distinct species that are highly revered in Ayurveda. Despite their similar common names, they differ significantly in their phytochemical composition, pharmacological properties, and therapeutic applications. Chandan is primarily characterized by the presence of sesquiterpenoid alcohols, particularly α-santalol and β santalol1. These compounds are responsible for its characteristic aroma as well as its antimicrobial, anti inflammatory, calming, and neuroprotective properties. Owing to its fragrant essential oil, Chandan is extensively used in perfumery, cosmetics, and aromatherapy. In contrast, Rakta Chandan is rich in bioactive constituents such as santalins (A, B, and Y), lignans, and flavonoids2. These phytochemicals impart its distinctive deep red color and contribute to its potent antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities. Consequently, Rakta Chandan is widely employed in traditional medicine for the management of liver disorders, blood purification, skin diseases, and other therapeutic applications. Overall, while Chandan is globally recognized for its fragrance and essential oil production, Rakta Chandan is valued primarily for its medicinal potential. This comparative study highlights the complementary importance of these two species: Chandan serves as an important source of aromatic sesquiterpenes with calming and antimicrobial properties, whereas Rakta Chandan represents a rich reservoir of therapeutic pigments and bioactive compounds with diverse pharmacological benefits.