OPTOGENETICS 2.0 IN PLANT SYSTEMS: EVOLUTION, APPLICATIONS, AND CHALLENGES FOR PRECISION CROP IMPROVEMENT

Abstract

Optogenetics has revolutionized biological research by providing precise spatial and temporal control over the cellular processes through the use of light-sensitive proteins. Although initially it was developed for neuroscience applications, this technology is now rapidly advancing plant biology. However, plants pose unique challenges for optogenetic approaches due to their reliance on light for photosynthesis and the presence of natural photoreceptors that could interfere with synthetic systems. Despite these challenges, significant progress has been made in adapting optogenetic tools for plant research. Researchers have utilized naturally occurring light-sensitive proteins such as phytochromes and cryptochromes to design synthetic switches and transcriptional regulators. These systems enable precise regulation of gene expression and signaling pathways in response to specific light wavelengths. Additionally, advances in synthetic biology have facilitated the development of optogenetic tools that are orthogonal to plant endogenous photoreceptors, minimizing potential interference and enhancing the specificity of the system. Such novel optogenetic tools include PULSE (Plant Usable Light-switch Elements) system, BLINK1 (Blue Light-induced K+ Channel) system, Highlighter system (based on cyanobacterial CcaS-CcaR pathway) and GtACR1 (based on anion channelrhodopsins). These approaches allow precise and high-resolution control of gene expression in plants in response to light. It functions effectively in a typical light environment by utilizing naturally occurring chromophores. This breakthrough offers a powerful tool for advancing plant biology and holds great potential for improving crop traits and agricultural practices.