HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF SOLAR-POWERED IRRIGATION SYSTEMS: IMPLICATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY

Abstract

Solar-powered irrigation systems are increasingly promoted as sustainable alternatives to conventional diesel and grid based irrigation, addressing energy constraints while supporting agricultural productivity under climate variability. Existing research highlights environmental and economic benefits; however, evidence remains fragmented across environmental, health, and productivity dimensions, limiting integrated understanding of system-wide impacts. This narrative review synthesizes interdisciplinary literature to evaluate environmental effects, public health implications, and agricultural productivity outcomes associated with solar-powered irrigation systems. Findings indicate substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, improved irrigation reliability, and enhanced crop yields, contributing to food security and income stability. At the same time, increased groundwater extraction, soil salinity risks, and lifecycle impacts of photovoltaic components present notable environmental challenges. Health outcomes show dual patterns, with reduced exposure to air pollutants improving respiratory conditions, while expanded irrigation may increase risks of waterborne and vector-borne diseases under poor management practices. Policy frameworks, technological integration, and governance mechanisms play critical roles in determining sustainability outcomes across regions. The synthesis highlights the necessity of linking water management with renewable energy adoption to prevent resource overuse. Solar irrigation represents a viable pathway for sustainable agriculture when implemented within regulated and context-specific systems. The study underscores the importance of integrated approaches to maximize benefits while minimizing environmental and health risks.