AN EMPIRICAL SOCIO-LEGAL EVALUATION OF THE PROTECTION OF WOMEN FROM DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT, 2005 IN MUMBAI-MAHARASHTRA FOR BRIDGING THE PROTECTION GAP

Abstract

Domestic violence remains a significant challenge to women-s safety, dignity, and access to justice despite the enactment of the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (PWDVA). This study empirically evaluates the implementation and effectiveness of the PWDVA in Mumbai, Maharashtra through a socio-legal approach. The research adopts a mixed-method design based on primary data collected from 109 respondents using a structured questionnaire, supplemented by doctrinal analysis of relevant laws and literature. The findings reveal that while respondents demonstrate greater awareness of physical and emotional abuse, recognition of financial, social, and digital abuse remains comparatively limited. Fear of retaliation, lack of legal awareness, patriarchal attitudes, delayed legal procedures, and inadequate institutional support emerge as major barriers to effective implementation. The study further highlights the need for awareness campaigns, faster legal proceedings, better-trained Protection Officers, and stronger coordination among law enforcement agencies and support services. It concludes that bridging the gap between legislative intent and practical implementation is essential for ensuring effective protection of women and strengthening access to justice under the PWDVA