IN VITRO AND IN VIVO EVALUATION OF ANTIDIABETIC AND ORGAN PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF MAMMEA SURIGA LEAF EXTRACT AND ITS BUTANOL FRACTION

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) continues to drive the search for safer, plant-derived alternatives to synthetic hypoglycemic agents. This study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic potential of Mammea suriga (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Kosterm. leaf ethyl acetate extract (MSEAE) and its butanol fraction (MSBF), together with their organ-protective effects in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic Wistar rats. In vitro, both MSEAE and MSBF inhibited α-amylase (IC50 200.56 and 239.47 μg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 221.57 and 247.45 μg/mL) in a concentration dependent manner, less potently than acarbose, while cytotoxicity screening on HaCaT keratinocytes indicated favourable safety margin and acute oral toxicity testing (OECD 425) showed an LD50 exceeding 2000 mg/kg for both preparations. In STZ-induced diabetic rats, 21-day oral administration of MSEAE (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) and MSBF (400 mg/kg) produced dose dependent reductions in fasting blood glucose, with the 400 mg/kg MSEAE dose lowering glucose from 326.16 ± 26.27 to 165.66 ± 23.46 mg/dL (p < 0.01), an effect comparable to glibenclamide. Treatment also restored body weight, normalised the serum lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C and VLDL-C), improved hepatic function markers (AST, ALT, ALP) and renal function markers (urea, creatinine), and ameliorated diabetes associated histopathological damage in the pancreas, liver and kidney, evidenced by partial restoration of islet architecture, hepatocellular arrangement and nephron integrity. These effects, most pronounced at the 400 mg/kg dose and broadly comparable to the standard drug glibenclamide, indicate that M. suriga leaf extract and its butanol fraction possess significant antihyperglycemic, hypolipidemic and organ protective activity, supporting its traditional medicinal use and its potential as candidate for further mechanistic investigation in diabetes management.