PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF LEAD-FREE SOLAR CELL IN DIFFERENT THERMAL CONDITIONS USING SCAPS 1-D

Abstract

This simulation is performed with SCAPS-1D (Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator-one-dimensional) and discusses the major parameters affecting solar cell performance. The SCAPS-1D solves equations for charge transport, recombination, and electrostatics, allowing optimization of photovoltaic device structures. Important factors such as temperature, defect density, doping concentration, series and shunt resistance, and layer thickness influence short-circuit current density (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (FF), and efficiency are discussed. Solar cells encounter various challenges such as limited stability and toxicity, still they offer several advantages. To mitigate the toxicity associated with lead (Pb), some alternatives which are less harmful like tin (Sn) are being explored. In this study, effective electron transport layers (ETLs) and hole transport layers (HTLs) are being studies that can be used to develop efficient Sn-based PSCs and improve their performance. The devices operational stability and its efficiency are heavily influenced by thermally activated mechanisms. Therefore, investigating the thermal properties of halide perovskites has become a critical aspect. Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and heat capacity parameters are important to understand the real-time operation of these materials. The simulation results indicate that temperature and related parameters affect solar cell efficiency. At favourable temperatures a good efficiency can be achieved, but beyond these limits, if the temperature is further raised, the efficiency decreases, followed by dropped performance.