Comprehensive Analysis of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Genes as Predictive Biomarkers for Peri-implantitis Susceptibility

Abstract

Peri-implantitis, an inflammatory condition affecting tissues surrounding dental implants, represents a significant challenge in implant dentistry. This comprehensive review examines the role of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in pro-inflammatory cytokine genes as potential predictive biomarkers for peri-implantitis susceptibility. Current evidence suggests that genetic variations in TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, RANK/RANKL/OPG, and matrix metalloproteinase genes may influence individual susceptibility to peri-implantitis through altered inflammatory responses and bone metabolism. This review analyzes the strength of evidence across different populations, explores interactions with environmental risk factors, and discusses clinical implications for personalized implant therapy. Despite promising findings, methodological heterogeneity limits definitive conclusions, highlighting the need for larger prospective studies with standardized protocols to validate these genetic markers for clinical use.