INFECTIOUS LUNG DISEASES IN ADULTS: GENETIC DETERMINANTS, MOLECULAR BIOMARKERS, AND PERSONALIZED DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES

Abstract

Introduction. Infectious lung diseases in adults remain clinically significant. The variability of their course is determined not only by the pathogen and comorbid conditions, but also by host genetic susceptibility, immune-response patterns, molecular biomarkers of inflammation, epithelial injury and post-infectious remodeling. Aim. To summarize current evidence on genetic determinants and molecular biomarkers of infectious lung diseases in adults and to assess their value for personalized diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic decision-making. Materials and methods. An analytical literature review was performed. Scientific publications, clinical guidelines and systematic reviews published mainly in 2019-2026 were analyzed. The search terms included infectious lung diseases, pneumonia, genetic susceptibility, biomarkers, procalcitonin, KL-6, respiratory microbiome, metagenomic sequencing, post-infectious fibrosis and personalized medicine. Results. Promising areas include the assessment of genes involved in innate immunity and interferon signaling, the use of inflammatory and epithelial-vascular biomarkers for risk stratification, and the integration of microbiome, metagenomic and digital data into personalized models. The greatest practical value is expected from validated marker panels rather than from isolated laboratory tests. Conclusion. Infectious lung diseases in adults should be considered through a multilayer model that integrates genetic, immunological, microbiome and clinical-functional indicators. Such an approach can improve risk prediction, antimicrobial stewardship, follow-up planning and the prevention of post-infectious pulmonary complications.