BEYOND CLEAN ENERGY NARRATIVES - ASSESSING THE LEGAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND INSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES OF NUCLEAR POWER IN ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

Abstract

Nuclear power is increasingly promoted as a critical component of India's transition toward sustainable and low-carbon development. As India seeks to balance economic growth, energy security, and climate commitments, nuclear energy is frequently portrayed as a clean and reliable alternative to fossil fuels. However, sustainability assessments of nuclear power must extend beyond greenhouse gas reductions and incorporate legal, environmental, institutional, and social considerations. This paper critically examines the role of nuclear power in achieving sustainable development in India by evaluating the challenges associated with environmental protection, radioactive waste management, nuclear liability, regulatory governance, public participation, and institutional accountability. Through an analysis of statutory frameworks, policy developments, judicial decisions, and energy sector trends, the study argues that although nuclear energy contributes to climate mitigation objectives, significant governance and sustainability concerns continue to undermine its long-term viability. The paper concludes that nuclear power can contribute meaningfully to sustainable development only if accompanied by comprehensive legal reforms, strengthened regulatory institutions, transparent decision-making processes, and effective environmental safeguards.