WILDLIFE PROTECTION AND GENETIC FORENSICS: A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE WILDLIFE (PROTECTION) ACT, 1972 IN COMBATING ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE IN INDIA

Abstract

The illegal wildlife trade is one of the most crucial transnational organized crime and has become a major environmental and criminal justice issue. Despite having a thorough legal framework under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, India, a country rich in biodiversity, continues to be threatened by illegal trafficking of protected species. The effectiveness of the Act in preventing the illegal wildlife trade is critically examined, with an emphasis on both its substantive provisions and enforcement strategies. Further, in wildlife conservation and law enforcement, the arena of ‘genetic forensics’ has emerged as a potential scientific instrument in preventing wildlife crimes and safeguarding endangered animals. The article analyzes institutional responses to wildlife crimes, judicial interpretations, and statutory provisions using a doctrinal and analytical methodology. And connects the probable role of genetic forensic in combating illegal trade.  It also examines the function of law enforcement, the suitability of punishments, and the difficulties presented by new trafficking techniques, such as the use of internet platforms and international networks. The study highlights problems like lax enforcement, a lack of interagency collaboration, inadequate deterrent, and a restricted use of technical tools in monitoring and investigation, indicating a substantial gap between legal intent and actual execution. In an effort to evaluate compliance and determine best practices, the report also places India's legal system within a larger international framework, including the CITES. It contends that although the Act offers a solid legal basis, structural and operational flaws compromise its efficacy. In order, to prevent wildlife trafficking, the study's conclusion suggests specific legislative and regulatory changes. The purpose of this study is to add to the current discussion about environmental governance and the necessity of a stronger legal response to wildlife crime in India.