Publications

Conflicts of interestThe authors declare no conflict of interest.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe would like to thank all of the members of the pharmacology laboratory at the China Medical University who provided us with laboratory and technical support. Research supported by educational science foundation of Liaoning Province. REFERENCESBatchuluun B, Inoguchi T, Sonoda N, Sasaki S, et al (2014). Metformin and liraglutide ameliorate high glucose-induced oxidative stress via inhibition of PKC-NAD(P)H oxidase pathway in human aortic endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 232: 156-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.10.025 Bruno RM, Gori T, Ghiadoni L, et al (2014). Endothelial function testing and cardiovascular disease: focus on peripheral arterial tonometry. Vasc. Health Risk Manag. 10: 577-584. Chai YL, Xu JZ, Zhang YL, Sheng GT, et al (2016). Effects of probucol on cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells injured by hypoxia/reoxygenation. Genet. Mol. Res. 15: 15016752. Chaudagar KK, Mehta AA, et al (2014). Effect of atorvastatin on the angiogenic responsiveness of coronary endothelial cells in normal and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 92: 338-349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2013-0391 Chistiakov DA, Revin VV, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN, et al (2015). Vascular endothelium: functioning in norm, changes in atherosclerosis and current dietary approaches to improve endothelial function. Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 15: 338-350. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557515666150226114031 Cifarelli V, Geng X, Styche A, Lakomy R, et al (2011). C-peptide reduces high-glucose-induced apoptosis of endothelial cells and decreases NAD(P)H-oxidase reactive oxygen species generation in human aortic endothelial cells. Diabetologia 54: 2702-2712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00125-011-2251-0 Cominacini L, Mozzini C, Garbin U, Pasini A, et al. (2015). Endoplasmic reticulum stress and Nrf2 signaling in cardiovascular diseases. Free Radic. Biol. 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Hypo- and hyperglycemia impair endothelial cell actin alignment and nitric oxide synthase activation in response to shear stress. PLoS One 8: e66176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066176 Kesavan M, Sarath TS, Kannan K, Suresh S, et al (2014). Atorvastatin restores arsenic-induced vascular dysfunction in rats: modulation of nitric oxide signaling and inflammatory mediators. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 280: 107-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2014.07.008 Kim KM, Pae HO, Zheng M, Park R, et al (2007). Carbon monoxide induces heme oxygenase-1 via activation of protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase and inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis triggered by endoplasmic reticulum stress. Circ. Res. 101: 919-927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.154781 Lin R, Liu J, Gan W, Yang G, et al (2004). C-reactive protein-induced expression of CD40-CD40L and the effect of lovastatin and fenofibrate on it in human vascular endothelial cells. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 27: 1537-1543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.27.1537 Mah E, Bruno RS, et al (2012). Postprandial hyperglycemia on vascular endothelial function: mechanisms and consequences. Nutr. Res. 32: 727-740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2012.08.002 Mahalwar R, Khanna D, et al (2013). Pleiotropic antioxidant potential of rosuvastatin in preventing cardiovascular disorders. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 711: 57-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.04.025 Michalak M, Gye MC, et al (2015). Endoplasmic reticulum stress in periimplantation embryos. Clin. Exp. Reprod. Med. 42: 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2015.42.1.1 Omanwar S, Fahim M, et al (2015). Mercury exposure and endothelial dysfunction: an interplay between nitric oxide and oxidative stress. Int. J. Toxicol. 34: 300-307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581815589766 Onat D, Brillon D, Colombo PC, Schmidt AM, et al (2011). Human vascular endothelial cells: a model system for studying vascular inflammation in diabetes and atherosclerosis. Curr. Diab. Rep. 11: 193-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11892-011-0182-2 Park HJ, Zhang Y, Georgescu SP, Johnson KL, et al (2006). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells offer new insights into the relationship between lipid metabolism and angiogenesis. Stem Cell Rev. 2: 93-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12015-006-0015-x Qiu ZL, Zhang JP, Guo XC, et al (2014). [Endoplasmic reticulum stress and vascular endothelial cell apoptosis]. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 36: 102-107. Ruggiero D, Paolillo S, Ratta GD, Mariniello A, et al (2013). [Endothelial function as a marker of pre-clinical atherosclerosis: assessment techniques and clinical implications]. Monaldi Arch. Chest Dis. 80: 106-110. Safi SZ, Batumalaie K, Mansor M, Chinna K, et al (2015). Glutamine treatment attenuates hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial stress and apoptosis in umbilical vein endothelial cells. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 70: 569-576. http://dx.doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2015(08)07 Schisano B, Harte AL, Lois K, Saravanan P, et al (2012). GLP-1 analogue, Liraglutide protects human umbilical vein endothelial cells against high glucose induced endoplasmic reticulum stress. Regul. Pept. 174: 46-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.regpep.2011.11.008 Sozen E, Karademir B, Ozer NK, et al (2015). Basic mechanisms in endoplasmic reticulum stress and relation to cardiovascular diseases. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 78: 30-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.09.031 Srivastava AK, Kalita J, Dohare P, Ray M, et al (2009). Studies of free radical generation by neurons in a rat model of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Neurosci. Lett. 450: 127-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2008.11.036 Tabas I, Ron D, et al (2011). Integrating the mechanisms of apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress. Nat. Cell Biol. 13: 184-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb0311-184